Buy/Sell Agreements - Planning Ahead

For small businesses with two or more owners, a buy/sell agreement can help prevent challenging situations from becoming unbearable.

When one of the business owners dies, becomes disabled, divorces or just says “I have had enough - I am out of here” that can be challenge for the remaining owner or owners just to keep the business operating.  That challenge can be unbearable if there is no arrangement in place to deal with those situations.

One of my fellow lawyer bloggers wrote an excellent article on buy/sell agreements.  The article raises a number of questions that business owners should think about.  Just thinking about these questions should provide a mental picture.  That picture may be as sobering as Ebenzer Scrooge’s glimpse of “Christmas yet to come.”  Fortunately, like Scrooge there is an opportunity to do something about it.

Disclaimer This is a passive blog and the materials contained herein are provided for informational purposes only. Nothing contained in this blog should be interpreted as a solicitation of business and none of the information contained herein constitutes legal advice. The law is subject to change without notice, and the local laws of your residence may be different from the general information displayed on this blog. You should not rely on the information provided on this blog without first consulting an attorney. Contacting this website does not establish and attorney/client relationship between you and its publisher Christopher W. Matern. An attorney/client relationship can only be established with Christopher Matern by engaging in direct person-to-person contact with Christopher Matern. Christopher Matern does not intend to practice law in any jurisdiction in which he is not licensed.

Employer Liability - Common Mistakes That Can Be Costly

With the economy improving, businesses are hiring again and bringing in independent contractors.  Because mistakes relating to compensation can be costly, now might be good time to review several common mistakes that can be expensive.

The most common mistakes involve:

1. Misclassifying an employee as exempt from overtime;

2. Misclassifying a person as an independent contractor when they should be an employee;

3. Assigning tasks to an unpaid intern that result in them being classified as an employee;

4. Failing to file employee payroll taxes on time.

This article discusses some of those common mistakes and how to avoid them.

1. Misclassifying  an employee as exempt from overtime pay

The federal Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”) requires that employees receive overtime pay equal to 1.5 X their hourly rate if they work either more than 8 hours in one day or more than 40 hours in one week.  There are several job classifications that are exempt.  Employer problems often occur when they mistakenly believe that a particular employee qualifies for the exemption when they don’t.  

The overtime pay exemption categories include a) executives, b) administrative, c) professional, d) computer employee, e) outside sales and f) highly compensated employee.  The most common problems involve the administrative, computer and outside sales exemptions.  Job titles don’t count.  What counts is the type of work that a person performs.

Here is a link to a brief overview of requirements to qualify for those exemptions.

2. Misclassifying a Person as an Independent Contractor

One of the most common mistakes businesses make is to classify someone as an independent contractor when they are actually an employee.  The IRS and state governments aggressively pursue this type of  misclassification because it reduces the amount of taxes that IRS and state governments collect.

The IRS website provides some guidelines to help determine whether a person qualifies as an independent contractor.  You can also ask the IRS to evaluate your specific situation.  The IRS will issue a determination.  This can be done by filing IRS Form SS-8.

Briefly, factors that the IRS considers in determining whether a person is properly classified as an independent contractor include:

• Does the person have the ability to perform similar work for other businesses without your permission;
• Can the person set their own hours for when they will perform the work;
• Can the person hire other people to assist them in performing the work;
• Does the person supply their own tools or equipment to perform the work;
• Is the work done for a fixed fee where the person bears the risk of profit or loss depending upon how quickly they perform the work;

Because businesses do not pay payroll taxes for independent contractors a business can be liable for significant expenses if the IRS later determines that the person should have be classified as an employee.

As discussed below under the payroll tax liability section the business owners can be personally liable for failing to pay payroll taxes.

3. Unpaid Interns Who Should Be Treated as Employees Based Upon Their Work

An internship can be beneficial for both the student and the business.  The student gets experience that can help them find a job when they graduate and the business gets assistance for free.  However the intern’s activities must meet a six factor test for the business to justify not paying the intern.

Briefly those six factors are:

1. The training, even though it includes actual operation of the facilities of the employer, is similar to what would be given in a vocational school or academic educational instruction;
2. The training is for the benefit of the trainees (rather than the employer);
3. The trainees do not displace regular employees, but work under their close observation;
4. The employer that provides the training derives no immediate advantage from the activities of the trainees, and on occasion the employer’s operations may actually be impeded;
5. The trainees are not necessarily entitled to a job at the conclusion of the training period; and
6. The employer and the trainees understand that the trainees are not entitled to wages for the time spent in training.

A business must meet all six factors.  Failing to meet one of the six factors can expose the business to liability under the Fair Labor Standards Act and to liability for failing to pay payroll taxes.

4. Personal Liability for Failing to Make Payroll Tax Payments

A problem that commonly effects businesses that are having cash flow problems is failing to pay their payroll taxes on time.  The IRS and state governments take this issue very seriously.  Their position is that this is money that doesn’t belong to the employer, but is held in trust for the benefit of the employees and the government.  So, it goes beyond failing to pay taxes.  The government views it as taking money that doesn’t belong to you.  For that reason, the officers, directors and shareholders can be personally liable for failing to timely pay payroll taxes.

Further, this is a liability that a business owner cannot discharge by filing a personal bankruptcy.

In Illinois not only is there potential tax liability, but also there is potential liability from the Illinois Department of Labor and the employees themselves in lawsuits under the Illinois Wage Payment and Collection Act.  For more information on a business’ potential exposure under this Illinois statute see my blog post titled Potential Exposure for Employers Under New Illinois Law.

Disclaimer This is a passive blog and the materials contained herein are provided for informational purposes only. Nothing contained in this blog should be interpreted as a solicitation of business and none of the information contained herein constitutes legal advice. The law is subject to change without notice, and the local laws of your residence may be different from the general information displayed on this blog. You should not rely on the information provided on this blog without first consulting an attorney. Contacting this website does not establish and attorney/client relationship between you and its publisher Christopher W. Matern. An attorney/client relationship can only be established with Christopher Matern by engaging in direct person-to-person contact with Christopher Matern. Christopher Matern does not intend to practice law in any jurisdiction in which he is not licensed.

When Separate Corporations Are Not Separate for City of Chicago Head Tax

Business owners who have operations at separate locations often set up separate corporations for each location.  There are many good reasons to do this including limiting liability at one location from effecting the other locations.  The separate corporations should have their own bank accounts, bookkeeping, business licenses, corporate records, employees, tax identification numbers.  

But apparently, this is not enough for the City of Chicago.  A recent Illinois Appellate court decision DTCT v. The City of Chicago upheld the City of Chicago’s position. In this case a husband and wife owned several separate corporations.  Each of those corporations owned a different McDonald’s restaurant location. The City of Chicago said that because each of the corporations had the same shareholders then all the corporations would be counted as one business entity for the purpose of calculating the employer’s expense tax (a.k.a. the “head tax”). This tax applies to employers who have 50 or more employees working in Chicago. The tax rate is $4 per employee per month.  The individual restaurants had less than 50 employees, but all of them together had more than 50 employees.

The separate corporations had followed all the corporate formalities.  They had separate bank accounts, separate books and records, each had their own City of Chicago business license, they had separate tax identification numbers and filed separate tax returns.  But this was not enough for the City of Chicago in determining the “head tax.”

Disclaimer This is a passive blog and the materials contained herein are provided for informational purposes only. Nothing contained in this blog should be interpreted as a solicitation of business and none of the information contained herein constitutes legal advice. The law is subject to change without notice, and the local laws of your residence may be different from the general information displayed on this blog. You should not rely on the information provided on this blog without first consulting an attorney. Contacting this website does not establish and attorney/client relationship between you and its publisher Christopher W. Matern. An attorney/client relationship can only be established with Christopher Matern by engaging in direct person-to-person contact with Christopher Matern. Christopher Matern does not intend to practice law in any jurisdiction in which he is not licensed.

Small Business and the Health Care Law

The new health care law certainly has been controversial, but its effect on small business is less certain.  A recent article in QSR magazine discusses possible effects and provides a timeline illustrating when various provisions and obligations will take effect.  The article is titled The Real Way Health Care Reform Affects You.

For small businesses with 50 or more employees, particularly businesses where many of the employees salaries are close to the minimum wage the impact of the new law is likely to be significant.  The article does not recommend taking drastic action now, but watch for developments and evaluate plans for how to comply with the new law cost effectively.

Disclaimer This is a passive blog and the materials contained herein are provided for informational purposes only. Nothing contained in this blog should be interpreted as a solicitation of business and none of the information contained herein constitutes legal advice. The law is subject to change without notice, and the local laws of your residence may be different from the general information displayed on this blog. You should not rely on the information provided on this blog without first consulting an attorney. Contacting this website does not establish and attorney/client relationship between you and its publisher Christopher W. Matern. An attorney/client relationship can only be established with Christopher Matern by engaging in direct person-to-person contact with Christopher Matern. Christopher Matern does not intend to practice law in any jurisdiction in which he is not licensed.

Another Challenge for the Chicago Condo Market

There is another challenge for buyers and sellers of condominiums in Chicago.  According to a Chicago Tribune article titled Condo deals die in shadows of financially distressed buildings lenders are refusing to make loans in buildings that have a high number of renters, a large percentage of past due assessments or foreclosures.  


This another reason to carefully research a condominium association before purchasing a unit.



Disclaimer This is a passive blog and the materials contained herein are provided for informational purposes only. Nothing contained in this blog should be interpreted as a solicitation of business and none of the information contained herein constitutes legal advice. The law is subject to change without notice, and the local laws of your residence may be different from the general information displayed on this blog. You should not rely on the information provided on this blog without first consulting an attorney. Contacting this website does not establish and attorney/client relationship between you and its publisher Christopher W. Matern. An attorney/client relationship can only be established with Christopher Matern by engaging in direct person-to-person contact with Christopher Matern. Christopher Matern does not intend to practice law in any jurisdiction in which he is not licensed.

Potential Exposure for Employers Under New Illinois Law

Changes to Illinois Wage Payment and Collection Act provide substantially more exposure to Illinois employers.

On January 1, 2011 changes to Illinois wage claim statute became effective.  The changes give employees substantially more leverage in claims for unpaid compensation.  The term compensation includes not just salary payments, but also benefits such as vacation pay, bonuses, commissions, incentives, etc.  So even an honest dispute about compensation can come within this new law.  The reason for concern is the increased potential damages can put employers at serious disadvantage.

Here are some of the important changes that give employees more leverage.

An employee in a private lawsuit against an employer can recover attorney’s fees.  This will encourage more attorneys to take wage claim cases since they can recover fees.  Those fees can be greater than the amount of the wages claimed.  This attorney fee’s provision is a one way street.  If an employer wins, there is no provision for getting the employee to pay the employer’s attorney’s fees.  This amounts to a “heads I win and tails you lose situation” for employees.

An employee who wins in a private lawsuit is also entitled to interest on the unpaid wages.  The interest is equal to 2% per month.  Yes, that is 2% per month (not per year).  The interest starts from the date that the payment should have been made up until it is finally paid.  In comparison, interest on judgments in Illinois is 9% per year.  And interest on judgments accrues from the time you win the lawsuit not from the time the claim arose.  So the interest under this law is not only at a much higher rate, but also it accrues from the time the claim arose.

There now is personal liability for the company’s officers even if they didn’t have knowledge of the dispute but have day to day operational control.  For many mid-size businesses that have human resources and payroll personnel handling employee compensation, the company’s officers who may also be its owners now have personal liability.   If lower level employees--say the payroll department person--have knowledge of the wage claim they now also can be personally liable.

For wages claims of $3,000.00 or less, the Illinois Department of Labor has the authority to hear those claims and now their findings will be binding.  An employer still can dispute the finding in the circuit court, but the standard for reversing that decision will be higher.

These changes mean that Illinois employers must be more careful about how they deal with employee compensation.  A dispute, if not resolved quickly, can be substantially more expensive for employers than the disputed amount.

Disclaimer This is a passive blog and the materials contained herein are provided for informational purposes only. Nothing contained in this blog should be interpreted as a solicitation of business and none of the information contained herein constitutes legal advice. The law is subject to change without notice, and the local laws of your residence may be different from the general information displayed on this blog. You should not rely on the information provided on this blog without first consulting an attorney. Contacting this website does not establish and attorney/client relationship between you and its publisher Christopher W. Matern. An attorney/client relationship can only be established with Christopher Matern by engaging in direct person-to-person contact with Christopher Matern. Christopher Matern does not intend to practice law in any jurisdiction in which he is not licensed.

Good Estate Planning Goes Beyond The Will

While a Will is an important part of any estate plan, there are other things that should be considered too.

Beneficiary designations and joint tenancy property should be considered when reviewing your estate plan.  Your bank accounts, stock brokerage accounts, retirement accounts may have beneficiaries that you named to receive the assets in those accounts.  These accounts might also be held in joint tenancy.  Real estate might also be in joint tenancy.

The reason that this should be reviewed with your Will is that assets that have a beneficiary designation or are held in joint tenancy will go directly to the persons listed and that necessarily might not be the persons that you named as beneficiaries in your Will.  It also might not result in dividing the money between your beneficiaries in the way that you want.

For accounts that you set up many years ago and for real estate purchased years ago, you may want to check the to see if they are held in joint tenancy or if you have named beneficiaries.  Then check your Will to make sure that the you will be leaving your property to the persons and in the amounts you intend.

So a good estate plan goes beyond the Will and considers any property held in joint tenancy and any beneficiary designations that you may have made.

Disclaimer:  This is a passive blog and the materials contained herein are provided for informational purposes only. Nothing contained in this blog should be interpreted as a solicitation of business and none of the information contained herein constitutes legal advice. The law is subject to change without notice, and the local laws of your residence may be different from the general information displayed on this blog. You should not rely on the information provided on this blog without first consulting an attorney. Contacting this website does not establish and attorney/client relationship between you and its publisher Christopher W. Matern. An attorney/client relationship can only be established with Christopher Matern by engaging in direct person-to-person contact with Christopher Matern. Christopher Matern does not intend to practice law in any jurisdiction in which he is not licensed.